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I have refactored the ResourcePool class to eliminate raw pointers and manual memory management. By using std::unique_ptr with a custom deleter and std::vector, we ensure exception safety and clear ownership.

Refactored ResourcePool

#include <memory>
#include <vector>
#include <expected>
#include <span>
#include <stdexcept>

class RawResource {
public:
    void initialize();
    void release();
};

// Modern RAII wrapper for the underlying resource
struct ResourceDeleter {
    void operator()(RawResource* res) const {
        if (res) {
            res->release();
            delete res;
        }
    }
};

using ResourcePtr = std::unique_ptr<RawResource, ResourceDeleter>;

class ResourcePool {
public:
    explicit ResourcePool(size_t initial_size) {
        m_resources.reserve(initial_size);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < initial_size; ++i) {
            auto res = ResourcePtr(new RawResource());
            res->initialize();
            m_resources.push_back(std::move(res));
        }
    }

    // C++20 span for safe view of managed resources
    std::span<const ResourcePtr> get_resources() const noexcept {
        return m_resources;
    }

    void add_resource(ResourcePtr res) {
        if (!res) throw std::invalid_argument("Cannot add null resource");
        m_resources.push_back(std::move(res));
    }

private:
    std::vector<ResourcePtr> m_resources;
};

Next steps

1. Update your CMakeLists.txt to ensure the -std=c++20 flag is enabled.
2. Run your existing unit tests to verify that release() is called correctly during pool destruction.
3. Integrate std::expected if you need to handle initialization failures without throwing exceptions.